Older experiments, newer questions
The complete reading list follows these starting points. A recent publication dates the work; its verdict still needs scrutiny.
Start with the DSIP disagreement
Put the 1981 human sleep pilot beside the 2006 critical review, then read the 2024 fusion-peptide study in mice. The sequence is tempting to read as a setback followed by a recovery. The change in molecule and species makes it a more complicated history.
I’d begin there because it exposes the problem in the word generation. The first paper offers a small human observation, the review contests the strength of the native-peptide story, and the newer experiment changes the object under study. None makes the other two disappear.
Read the Semax papers by what they measured
The neurotrophin gene-expression paper and basal-forebrain BDNF protein and binding paper are a useful pair. The brain-entry and breakdown study in rats answers a different question, while the ischemic-brain transcription analysis, cortical ischemia and memory experiment and female-mouse spinal-cord-injury paper concern injured nervous systems.
The human-serum enzyme assay shared by Semax and Selank belongs with the molecular work. This work uses human material outside the body, leaving clinical outcomes unmeasured.
Do not leave Selank’s immune paper behind
The GABA-binding review, rat GABA-related gene-expression study, Selank and diazepam chronic-stress experiment in rats and rat hippocampal BDNF report explain much of Selank’s nervous-system reputation. The cytokine study in patients with anxiety-asthenic disorders deserves equal attention; describing Selank as gentle gives that finding too little weight.
DSIP’s other branches remain in the complete list too: the ACTH measurement in men and DSIP-containing preparation lifespan study in female SHR mice. I resist letting a long bibliography do the work of an argument. The question and the tested material still have to match.
A wrong identifier or a misplaced claim is a substantive problem; the correspondence page states the present contact limits.
- et al. Semax peptide targets the mu opioid receptor gene Oprm1 to promote deubiquitination and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in female mice. Br J Pharmacol. 2025. ↗
- Medvedeva EV, et al. The peptide semax affects the expression of genes related to the immune and vascular systems in rat brain focal ischemia: genome-wide transcriptional analysis. BMC Genomics. 2014;15:228. ↗
- Agapova TY, et al. Neurotrophin gene expression in rat brain under the action of Semax, an analogue of ACTH(4-10). Neurosci Lett. 2007;417(2):201-5. ↗
- Dolotov OV, et al. Semax, an analogue of adrenocorticotropin (4-10), binds specifically and increases levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in rat basal forebrain. J Neurochem. 2006;97 Suppl 1:82-6. ↗
- Romanova GA, et al. Neuroprotective and antiamnesic effects of Semax during experimental ischemic infarction of the cerebral cortex. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2006;142(6):663-6. ↗
- Shevchenko KV, et al. Kinetics of Semax penetration into the brain and blood of rats after its intranasal administration. Russ J Bioorg Chem (Bioorg Khim). 2006;32(1):57-62. ↗
- Kost NV, et al. Semax and selank inhibit the enkephalin-degrading enzymes from human serum. Bioorg Khim (Russ J Bioorg Chem). 2001;27(3):180-183. ↗
- Vyunova TV, Andreeva L, Shevchenko K, Myasoedov N. Peptide-based Anxiolytics: The Molecular Aspects of Heptapeptide Selank Biological Activity. Protein and Peptide Letters. 2018;25(10):914-923. ↗
- Kasian A, Kolomin T, Andreeva L, et al. Peptide Selank Enhances the Effect of Diazepam in Reducing Anxiety in Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Conditions in Rats. Behavioural Neurology. 2017;2017:5091027. ↗
- Volkova A, Shadrina M, Kolomin T, et al. Selank Administration Affects the Expression of Some Genes Involved in GABAergic Neurotransmission. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2016;7:31. ↗
- Inozemtseva LS, Karpenko EA, Dolotov OV, et al. Intranasal administration of the peptide Selank regulates BDNF expression in the rat hippocampus in vivo. Doklady Biological Sciences. 2008;421:241-243. ↗
- Uchakina ON, Uchakin PN, Miasoedov NF, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of selank in patients with anxiety-asthenic disorders. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2008;108(5):71-75. ↗
- Mu X, Qu L, Yin L, Wang L, Liu X, Liu D. Pichia pastoris secreted peptides crossing the blood-brain barrier and DSIP fusion peptide efficacy in PCPA-induced insomnia mouse models. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1439536. ↗
- Kovalzon VM, Strekalova TV. Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a still unresolved riddle. J Neurochem. 2006;97(2):303-309. ↗
- Popovich IG, Voitenkov BO, Anisimov VN, Ivanov VT, Mikhaleva II, Zabezhinski MA, Alimova IN, Baturin DA, Zavarzina NY, Rosenfeld SV, Semenchenko AV, Yashin AI. Effect of delta-sleep inducing peptide-containing preparation Deltaran on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor incidence in female SHR mice. Mech Ageing Dev. 2003;124(6):721-731. ↗
- Bjartell A, Ekman R, Bergquist S, Widerlov E. Reduction of immunoreactive ACTH in plasma following intravenous injection of delta sleep-inducing peptide in man. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1989;14(5):347-355. ↗
- Schneider-Helmert D, et al. The influence of synthetic DSIP (delta-sleep-inducing-peptide) on disturbed human sleep. Experientia. 1981;37(8):913-914. ↗